<p>An important aspect of web components is encapsulation — being able to keep the markup structure, style, and behavior hidden and separate from other code on the page so that different parts do not clash, and the code can be kept nice and clean. The Shadow DOM API is a key part of this, providing a way to attach a hidden separated DOM to an element. This article covers the basics of using the Shadow DOM.</p>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p><strong>Note</strong>: Shadow DOM is supported by default in Firefox (63 and onwards), Chrome, Opera, and Safari. The new Chromium-based Edge (79 and onwards) supports it too; the old Edge didn't.</p></blockquote>



<h2>High-level view</h2>



<p>This article assumes you are already familiar with the concept of the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document_Object_Model/Introduction" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">DOM (Document Object Model)</a> — a tree-like structure of connected nodes that represents the different elements and strings of text appearing in a markup document (usually an HTML document in the case of web documents). As an example, consider the following HTML fragment:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
  &lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset="utf-8"&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;Simple DOM example&lt;/title&gt;
  &lt;/head&gt;
  &lt;body&gt;
      &lt;section&gt;
        &lt;img src="dinosaur.png" alt="A red Tyrannosaurus Rex: A two legged dinosaur standing upright like a human, with small arms, and a large head with lots of sharp teeth."&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;Here we will add a link to the &lt;a href="https://www.mozilla.org/"&gt;Mozilla homepage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;/section&gt;
  &lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>



<p>This fragment produces the following DOM structure:</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://tcmhack.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/dom-screenshot.png" alt="" class="wp-image-869"/></figure>



<p><em>Shadow DOM</em> allows hidden DOM trees to be attached to elements in the regular DOM tree — this shadow DOM tree starts with a shadow root, underneath which can be attached to any elements you want, in the same way as the normal DOM.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://tcmhack.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/shadowdom-1-1024x471.png" alt="" class="wp-image-870"/></figure>



<p>There are some bits of shadow DOM terminology to be aware of:</p>



<ul><li><strong>Shadow host:</strong> The regular DOM node that the shadow DOM is attached to.</li><li><strong>Shadow tree:</strong> The DOM tree inside the shadow DOM.</li><li><strong>Shadow boundary:</strong> the place where the shadow DOM ends, and the regular DOM begins.</li><li><strong>Shadow root:</strong> The root node of the shadow tree.</li></ul>



<p>You can affect the nodes in the shadow DOM in exactly the same way as non-shadow nodes — for example appending children or setting attributes, styling individual nodes using element.style.foo, or adding style to the entire shadow DOM tree inside a<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/style" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> <code>&lt;style&gt;</code></a> element. The difference is that none of the code inside a shadow DOM can affect anything outside it, allowing for handy encapsulation.</p>



<p>Note that the shadow DOM is not a new thing by any means — browsers have used it for a long time to encapsulate the inner structure of an element. Think for example of a <code><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/video" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">&lt;video&gt;</a></code> element, with the default browser controls exposed. All you see in the DOM is the <code>&lt;video&gt;</code> element, but it contains a series of buttons and other controls inside its shadow DOM. The shadow DOM spec has made it so that you are allowed to actually manipulate the shadow DOM of your own custom elements.</p>



<h2>Basic usage</h2>



<p>You can attach a shadow root to any element using the&nbsp;<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/attachShadow" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"><code>Element.attachShadow()</code></a>&nbsp;method. This takes as its parameter an options object that contains one option —&nbsp;<code>mode</code>&nbsp;— with a value of&nbsp;<code>open</code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>closed</code>:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>let shadow = elementRef.attachShadow({mode: 'open'});
let shadow = elementRef.attachShadow({mode: 'closed'});</code></pre>



<p><code>open</code>&nbsp;means that you can access the shadow DOM using JavaScript written in the main page context, for example using the&nbsp;<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/shadowRoot" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"><code>Element.shadowRoot</code></a>&nbsp;property:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>let myShadowDom = myCustomElem.shadowRoot;</code></pre>



<p>If you attach a shadow root to a custom element with&nbsp;<code>mode: closed</code>&nbsp;set, you won't be able to access the shadow DOM from the outside —&nbsp;<code>myCustomElem.shadowRoot</code>&nbsp;returns&nbsp;<code>null</code>. This is the case with built in elements that contain shadow DOMs, such as&nbsp;<code>&lt;video&gt;</code>.</p>



<p><strong>Note</strong>: As&nbsp;<a href="https://blog.revillweb.com/open-vs-closed-shadow-dom-9f3d7427d1af" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">this blog post shows</a>, it is actually fairly easy to work around closed shadow DOMs, and the hassle to completely hide them is often more than it's worth.</p>



<p>If you are attaching a shadow DOM to a custom element as part of its constructor (by far the most useful application of the shadow DOM), you would use something like this:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>let shadow = this.attachShadow({mode: 'open'});</code></pre>



<p>When you've attached a shadow DOM to an element, manipulating it is a matter of just using the same DOM APIs as you use for the regular DOM manipulation:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>let para = document.createElement('p');
shadow.appendChild(para);
// etc.</code></pre>



<h2 id="working_through_a_simple_example">Working through a simple example</h2>



<p>Now let's walk through a simple example to demonstrate the shadow DOM in action inside a custom element —&nbsp;<code><a href="https://github.com/mdn/web-components-examples/tree/master/popup-info-box-web-component" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">&lt;popup-info&gt;</a></code>&nbsp;(see a&nbsp;<a href="https://mdn.github.io/web-components-examples/popup-info-box-web-component/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">live example</a>&nbsp;also). This takes an image icon and a text string, and embeds the icon into the page. When the icon is focused, it displays the text in a pop up information box to provide further in-context information. To begin with, in our JavaScript file we define a class called&nbsp;<code>PopUpInfo</code>, which extends&nbsp;<code>HTMLElement</code>:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>class PopUpInfo extends HTMLElement {
  constructor() {
    // Always call super first in constructor
    super();

    // write element functionality in here

    ...
  }
}</code></pre>



<p>Inside the class definition we define the element's constructor, which defines all the functionality the element will have when an instance of it is instantiated.</p>



<h3 id="creating_the_shadow_root">Creating the shadow root</h3>



<p>We first attach a shadow root to the custom element:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>// Create a shadow root
let shadow = this.attachShadow({mode: 'open'});</code></pre>



<h3 id="creating_the_shadow_dom_structure">Creating the shadow DOM structure</h3>



<p>Next, we use some DOM manipulation to create the element's internal shadow DOM structure:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>// Create spans
let wrapper = document.createElement('span');
wrapper.setAttribute('class', 'wrapper');
let icon = document.createElement('span');
icon.setAttribute('class', 'icon');
icon.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);
let info = document.createElement('span');
info.setAttribute('class', 'info');

// Take attribute content and put it inside the info span
let text = this.getAttribute('data-text');
info.textContent = text;

// Insert icon
let imgUrl;
if(this.hasAttribute('img')) {
  imgUrl = this.getAttribute('img');
} else {
  imgUrl = 'img/default.png';
}
let img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = imgUrl;
icon.appendChild(img);
</code></pre>



<h3 id="styling_the_shadow_dom">Styling the shadow DOM</h3>



<p>After that we create a&nbsp;<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/style" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"><code>&lt;style&gt;</code></a>&nbsp;element and populate it with some CSS to style it:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>// Create some CSS to apply to the shadow dom
let style = document.createElement('style');

style.textContent = `
.wrapper {
  position: relative;
}

.info {
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  width: 200px;
  display: inline-block;
  border: 1px solid black;
  padding: 10px;
  background: white;
  border-radius: 10px;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: 0.6s all;
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 20px;
  left: 10px;
  z-index: 3;
}

img {
  width: 1.2rem;
}

.icon:hover + .info, .icon:focus + .info {
  opacity: 1;
}`;</code></pre>



<h3 id="attaching_the_shadow_dom_to_the_shadow_root">Attaching the shadow DOM to the shadow root</h3>



<p>The final step is to attach all the created elements to the shadow root:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>// attach the created elements to the shadow dom
shadow.appendChild(style);
shadow.appendChild(wrapper);
wrapper.appendChild(icon);
wrapper.appendChild(info);</code></pre>



<p>Feel free to ask a question in comments.</p>

An important aspect of web components is encapsulation — being able to keep the markup structure, style, and behavior hidden and separate from ot...

Shadow DOM in JavaScript