<p>Once you get <code>getUserMedia()</code> working with <a href="/getusermedia-audio-constraints/">audio</a> and <a href="/getusermedia-video-constraints/">video constraints</a> you immediately start hitting problems like:</p>



<ol><li>user has no webcam, just a microphone</li><li>user has (accidentally) denied access to the webcam</li><li>user plugs in the webcam/microphone after your&nbsp;<code>getUserMedia()</code>&nbsp;code has initialized</li><li>the device is already used by another app on Windows</li><li>Firefox only: the device is already used by another Firefox tab</li><li>Chrome only: the user dismisses the privacy dialog</li></ol>



<p>To tackle these situations the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/mediacapture-streams/#overconstrainederror-object" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">Media Capture and Streams spec</a> that governs <code>getUserMedia()</code> defines several errors that you can look out for in your code (and correctly inform the user).</p>



<p>The table below lists the top 5 errors. They’re different between Firefox, which currently follows the spec more closely, and Chrome. On top of these 5, the spec also defines&nbsp;<code>AbortError</code>&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;<code>SecurityError</code>, but I was never able to trigger them.</p>



<table class="wp-block-table"><thead><tr><th>FIREFOX 56</th><th>CHROME 62</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>NotFoundError</td><td>DevicesNotFoundError</td></tr><tr><td>NotReadableError</td><td>TrackStartError</td></tr><tr><td>OverconstrainedError</td><td>ConstraintNotSatisfiedError</td></tr><tr><td>NotAllowedError</td><td>PermissionDeniedError</td></tr></tbody></table>



<h3 id="notfounderror">NotFoundError</h3>



<p>This one’s&nbsp;<br>very common, it’s thrown in these 3 cases:</p>



<ol><li>when you’re <a href="/getusermedia-video-constraints/">requesting just a video track through constraints</a> but <strong>the user does not have a webcam</strong>.</li><li>when you <a href="/getusermedia-audio-constraints/">request just an audio track</a> but <strong>the user does not have a microphone<em>device</em></strong>:</li></ol>



<ul><li>the computer or device has no sound card or</li><li>the computer or device has a sound card but the recording&nbsp;<em>device</em>&nbsp;is disabled because there’s no mic plugged in or</li><li>the recording&nbsp;<em>device</em>&nbsp;is disabled manually from the OS (can be done on Windows) but that’s rare.</li></ul>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2017-11-14-13_07_53-295x300.png" alt="" class="wp-image-289"/></figure>



<ol><li>when you’re requesting both video and audio tracks but&nbsp;<strong>the user does not have a webcam OR a microphone</strong>&nbsp;(it’s enough for one device to be missing for the error to be thrown)</li></ol>



<p>Firefox will throw a&nbsp;<code>MediaStreamError</code>&nbsp;with it’s&nbsp;<code>name</code>&nbsp;property set to “NotFoundError” and the message “The object can not be found here”.</p>



<p>Chrome will throw a&nbsp;<code>NavigatorUserMediaError</code>&nbsp;with it’s&nbsp;<code>name</code>&nbsp;property set to “DevicesNotFoundError”.</p>



<h3 id="notreadableerror">NotReadableError</h3>



<p>It most commonly happens on Windows when the browser tries to access the webcam or mic but they’re already in use (by Skype, etc.) – <br>on Windows where processes get exclusive access to the webcam – but people have also been reporting the error showing up <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/36695835/813988" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">when using experimental constraints removed by Chrome</a> or <a rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44481163/webrtc-issue-in-chrome-59" target="_blank">because of bugs in the Chrome screen recording code</a>. On macOS, where processes share the webcam and microphone, I’ve only seen it reported by Firefox.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MediaDevices/getUserMedia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">Mozilla Developer Network Web Docs explanation covers all these situations</a>:</p>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p>Although the user granted permission to use the matching devices, a hardware error occurred at the operating system, browser, or Web page level which prevented access to the device.</p></blockquote>



<p>On Windows Firefox will throw a&nbsp;<code>MediaStreamError</code>&nbsp;with it’s&nbsp;<code>name</code>&nbsp;property set to “NotReadableError” and it’s message property set to “Failed to allocate videosource” when another app (or Firefox tab) is using the webcam or microphone.</p>



<p>On Windows Chrome will throw a&nbsp;<code>NavigatorUserMediaError</code>&nbsp;with it’s&nbsp;<code>name</code>&nbsp;property set to “TrackStartError”, the non-spec Chrome-specific version, with no message. Different Chrome tabs can share the same webcam.</p>



<p>On macOS it’s only thrown by Firefox when another Firefox tab tries to get access to the webcam and mic. On macOs it’s paired with the message: “Concurrent mic process limit”.</p>



<h3 id="overconstrainederror">OverconstrainedError</h3>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p>The specified constraints resulted in no candidate devices which met the criteria requested. The error is an object of type&nbsp;<code>OverconstrainedError</code>, and has a&nbsp;<code>constraint</code>&nbsp;property whose string value is the name of a constraint which was impossible to meet, and a&nbsp;<code>message</code>&nbsp;property containing a human-readable string explaining the problem.</p></blockquote>



<p>It’s thrown when you’re requesting a constraint that can not be satisfied by the available hardware, for example a high frame rate or high resolution requested using the&nbsp;<code>min</code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>exact</code>&nbsp;keywords.</p>



<p>Firefox will throw a&nbsp;<code>MediaStreamError</code>&nbsp;with it’s&nbsp;<code>name</code>&nbsp;property set to “OverconstrainedError” .</p>



<p>Chrome will throw a&nbsp;<code>NavigatorUserMediaError</code>&nbsp;with it’s&nbsp;<code>name</code>&nbsp;property set to “ConstraintNotSatisfiedError”, the non-spec Chrome-specific version.</p>



<p>Chrome &amp; Firefox will return the requested resolution or the closest one when using&nbsp;<code>ideal</code>&nbsp;values but if you start using the&nbsp;<code>min</code>&nbsp;keyword with high values or the&nbsp;<code>exact</code>keyword with unsupported values you will immediately trigger the error.</p>



<p>The error object will also mention the constraint that could not be satisfied through the&nbsp;<code>constraintName</code>&nbsp;property and the&nbsp;<code>message</code>&nbsp;“Constraints could be not satisfied.”.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Screen-Shot-2017-11-21-at-11.22.56-1024x293-1024x293.png" alt="" class="wp-image-290"/></figure>



<h3 id="notallowederror">NotAllowedError</h3>



<p>Is thrown when the user denies (or has previously denied) access to the webcam or microphone.</p>



<p>Firefox will throw a&nbsp;<code>MediaStreamError</code>&nbsp;with it’s&nbsp;<code>name</code>&nbsp;property set to “NotAllowedError” and the message “The request is not allowed by the user agent or the platform in the current context”.</p>



<p>Chrome will throw a&nbsp;<code>NavigatorUserMediaError</code>&nbsp;with it’s&nbsp;<code>name</code>&nbsp;property set to “PermissionDeniedError”.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Screen-Shot-2017-11-27-at-16.07.56.png" alt="" class="wp-image-291"/></figure>



<h3 id="typeerror">TypeError</h3>



<p>It’s thrown when the constraints object passed to&nbsp;<code>getUserMedia()</code>&nbsp;is empty or has all tracks (audio, video or both) set to false.</p>



<p>Firefox will throw a&nbsp;<code>MediaStreamError</code>&nbsp;with it’s&nbsp;<code>name</code>&nbsp;property set to “TypeError” and the message “audio and/or video is required”.</p>



<p>Chrome will throw a “TypeError: Failed to execute ‘getUserMedia’ on ‘MediaDevices’: At least one of audio and video must be requested”.</p>



<h3 id="permissiondismissederror">PermissionDismissedError</h3>



<p>It’s thrown by Chrome when the user closes the privacy dialog asking for mic and webcam access.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Screen-Shot-2017-11-27-at-16.10.27.png" alt="" class="wp-image-292"/></figure>



<p>Dismissing the dialog is only possible on Chrome so there’s no equivalent error on other browsers. <strong>It’s not spec compliant</strong> so the error might be removed in Chrome 64 in the <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=721412" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">move towards spec compliant errors</a>.</p>



<h3 id="handlingtheseerrors">Handling these errors</h3>



<p>Handling these errors is quite simple when using the newer <a rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MediaDevices/getUserMedia" target="_blank">promise based </a><code><a rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MediaDevices/getUserMedia" target="_blank">getUserMedia()</a></code>. You can use the code below or <a href="https://codepen.io/naicuoctavian/pen/wPeZWO" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">this code pen.</a></p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>var constraints = {
    video: false,
    audio: false
}
navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia(constraints).then(function success(stream) {
    /* do stuff */
}).catch(function(err) {
    //log to console first 
    console.log(err); /* handle the error */
    if (err.name == "NotFoundError" || err.name == "DevicesNotFoundError") {
        //required track is missing 
    } else if (err.name == "NotReadableError" || err.name == "TrackStartError") {
        //webcam or mic are already in use 
    } else if (err.name == "OverconstrainedError" || err.name == "ConstraintNotSatisfiedError") {
        //constraints can not be satisfied by avb. devices 
    } else if (err.name == "NotAllowedError" || err.name == "PermissionDeniedError") {
        //permission denied in browser 
    } else if (err.name == "TypeError" || err.name == "TypeError") {
        //empty constraints object 
    } else {
        //other errors 
    }
});</code></pre>



<p>The code starts out with false for both the video and audio track to immediately trigger the&nbsp;<code>TypeError</code>&nbsp;.</p>

Once you get getUserMedia() working with audio and video constraints you immediately start hitting problems like:



user has no webcam, just a m...

Common getUserMedia() Errors - TCMHACK

Common getUserMedia() Errors

<p><strong>The image above this line of waffle depicts the official mascot design for the upcoming release of <a href="/ubuntu-19-04-release-date-planned-features-updated/">Ubuntu 19.04</a> (due mid April).</strong></p>



<p>With Ubuntu 19.04 named Disco Dingo the companion artwork is (naturally) designed accordingly.</p>



<p>The logo is made up of a line-art a dingo — a type wild Australian dog — staring upwards (or howling? Can’t decide) whilst sporting a snazzy pair of over-ear headphones (because, presumably, he’s also a DJ?).</p>



<p>Confused? Don’t be.</p>



<h4>What is this artwork for?</h4>



<p>Each release of Ubuntu gets an alliterative nickname composed of an adjective and an animal (or creature). This tradition means each version of the OS arrives bearing its own distinct personality and design.</p>



<p>To help promote/brand each release the design folks at Canonical typically prepare a new desktop wallpaper and a new official mascot image.</p>



<p>These help to add a splash of flavour to what can often be a dry, formal release cycle.</p>



<p>This latest design was revealed by Canonical on their social media pages, with this trippy gif serving as way of introduction:</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/disco-dingo-ubuntu-gif-1.gif" alt="" class="wp-image-229"/></figure></div>



<h3>The Dingo Du Jour</h3>



<p>Design wise, the new <em>Disco Dingo</em> mascot has strong echos of polygon art and those synthwave/neon 80s style designs that were all the rage a few years back.</p>



<p>In fact, if you drop the logo on top a synth-wave wallpaper and it pops into life:</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/synth-dingo-750x427.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-230"/></figure></div>



<p>Having gone to the effort of demoing that it won’t surprise you to learn that &nbsp;I am a fan of this logo.</p>



<p>Heck of a big fan, in fact.</p>



<p>After six months of staring at the comforting curves of the circular Cosmic Cuttlefish mascot the pointed (pun intended) change of direction is tonally refreshing!</p>



<p>Replacing the tactility of ‘origami’ (the paper folding style many previous mascots used) with solid, sharp geometry gives the logo an almost structural feel.</p>



<p>Compared to previous designs the new logo feels weighted and very present — pretty apt for a Linux distro that rides atop such a solid foundation, isn’t it?</p>



<p>Now for the big question:</p>



<h4>Will it be on the wallpaper?</h4>



<p>Should tradition hold, we should expect to see more of the doggy DJ on the official desktop wallpaper. The&nbsp;<em>Artful</em>,&nbsp;<em>Bionic</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Cosmic</em>&nbsp;releases all bore their respective mascots on the default background.<br></p>

The image above this line of waffle depicts the official mascot design for the upcoming release of Ubuntu 19.04 (due mid April).



With Ubuntu 1...

Meet the Official Ubuntu 19.04 ‘Disco Dingo’ Mascot - TCMHACK

Meet the Official Ubuntu 19.04 ‘Disco Dingo’ Mascot

With an estimated&nbsp;22 million desktops out there in the wild, the choice of default wallpaper on Ubuntu is an important one.



Every major U...

Look Back At Every Default Ubuntu Wallpaper, Ever - TCMHACK

Look Back At Every Default Ubuntu Wallpaper, Ever

Linux is more capable than ever. With over 1000 Linux games available on Steam and a general shift towards more web-based desktop software, there’s less need for Windows than ever. After all, you can now watch Netflix on Linux without any hacks, and you can even use Microsoft Office on Linux—a web-based version of it, at least.

But, as most dedicated Linux desktop users will eventually discover, there comes a time when you just need to run a particular piece of Windows software on your Linux PC. There are quite a few ways to do so. Here’s what you need to know.
<h2>Wine</h2>
Wine is a way to run Windows software on Linux, but with no Windows required.

<aside id="fsb-2094" class="fakesidebar fakesidebar-auto"></aside>Wine is an open-source “Windows compatibility layer” that can run Windows programs directly on your Linux desktop. Essentially, this open-source project is attempting to re-implement enough of Windows from scratch that it can run all those Windows applications without actually needing Windows.

This is the only method here that won’t actually require a copy of Windows, but the downside is that it won’t run every application properly. You may encounter bugs or performance issues, especially if you’re using Wine to play video games. But if you’re running a popular game released a few years ago, you may find that it performs very well. Many people use Wine to play <em>World of Warcraft</em> on Linux, for example. You can get an idea of how an application will run and any tweaks it might require by visiting the Wine Application Database website and searching for that application.

<img class="aligncenter wp-image-222 size-full" src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/playonlinux-wine-100574846-large.png" alt="" width="580" height="435" />
<p style="text-align: center;">PlayOnLinux's version of Wine, running on Ubuntu.</p>
First, download Wine from your Linux distribution’s software repositories. Once it’s installed, you can then download .exe files for Windows applications and double-click them to run them with Wine. You can also try <strong>PlayOnLinux</strong>, a fancy interface over Wine that will help you install popular Windows programs and games.

Codeweavers also offers a commercial version of Wine, known as <strong>CrossOver</strong> Linux. You have to pay to use it, but Codeweavers tries to go out of their way to officially support popular applications (like Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, and some big PC games) and ensure they work properly. Codeweavers also contributes its changes back to the main Wine project.
<h2>Virtual machines</h2>
Virtual machines are a very convenient way to run Windows software on your Linux PC. As PCs have gotten faster, virtual machines have become comparatively more lightweight.

This process involves installing a copy of Windows in a “virtual machine” program like VirtualBox, VMware, or Linux’s built-in KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) solution. That copy of Windows thinks it’s running on real hardware, but it’s really running in window on your desktop. Modern virtual-machine solutions can even break Windows programs running in the virtual machine out of that window, allowing them to act like normal windows on your Linux desktop.

<img class="aligncenter wp-image-223 size-full" src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/virtualbox-on-ubuntu-100574847-large.png" alt="" width="580" height="435" />
<p style="text-align: center;">VirtualBox in Ubuntu Linux.</p>
This solution is more foolproof than Wine. As you’re running those Windows applications on an actual copy of Windows, you won’t encounter bugs.

Using a virtual machine does require a full copy of Windows, however, and there is more hardware overhead because that copy of Windows has to be running alongside your primary operating system. In particular, demanding PC games that need access to your computer’s graphics card won’t perform well at all—you’re better off with Wine for those. But for productivity applications like Microsoft Office or Adobe Photoshop, this is an excellent solution.
<h2>Dual-booting</h2>
Dual-booting isn’t technically a way to run Windows software on Linux itself, but it is how many Linux users run Windows software. Rather than using it directly under Linux, you just reboot your computer, choose Windows, and boot into Microsoft’s operating system. The Windows software can then run in its native environment. Thanks to modern solid-state drives, that reboot process should be faster than ever.

<img class="aligncenter wp-image-221 size-full" src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/install-linux-in-dual-boot-100574848-large.png" alt="" width="580" height="435" />
<p style="text-align: center;">Installing Linux in a dual-boot configuration.</p>

<div id="kskdk_72c250bd45d620b76daca2f31e12b4d4" class="kskdDiv kskdCls" data-kiosked-role="anchor" data-kiosked-type="in-line" data-kioskid="k_72c250bd45d620b76daca2f31e12b4d4" data-kiosked-cntrid="11429_7e5163ca72c7c9e972d3d9c05dad2b33">
<div class="kskdDiv" data-kiosked-role="boundary">
<div class="kskdDiv" data-kioskid="k_72c250bd45d620b76daca2f31e12b4d4" data-kiosked-role="ad-container">
<div class="kskdDiv" data-kskd-type="banner" data-width="728" data-height="90">
<div id="div-gpt-ad-k_72c250bd45d620b76daca2f31e12b4d4-z63e3b996185601727d2c362850d2f511-0" data-google-query-id="CIv9iaXVuOECFQvzjwodmIsExQ">
<div id="google_ads_iframe_/208190592/ca-pub-9042063282075774-tag/7911605642/9388313522_0__container__">This is particularly ideal if you’re a PC gamer who just can’t give Windows up yet. Rather than forgoing all those Windows games, you can just reboot your computer when you want to play Windows-only games. As you’re using plain-old Windows running directly on the hardware, you won’t have to deal with any compatibility or performance headaches.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
The best way to set up a dual-boot system is to install Windows first—if your computer came with Windows installed, that’s good enough. Next, install the Linux distribution of your choice and tell it to install alongside Windows. You’ll then be able to choose your preferred operating system each time you boot your computer. This Ubuntu guide to installing Linux beside Windows can help walk you through the process.

The best option really depends on what you're trying to do. If you need to run a single application or game that works well in Wine, Wine may be ideal. If you need to run a variety of desktop applications—like the most modern versions of Office and Photoshop, which Wine might struggle with—a virtual machine will be best. If you’re a PC gamer who still wants to play the latest Windows games, dual-booting will give you the performance you want without the headaches of Wine.
<div class="end-note"></div>

Linux is more capable than ever. With over 1000 Linux games available on Steam and a general shift towards more web-based desktop software, there...

How to run Windows software in Linux - TCMHACK

How to run Windows software in Linux

<strong>The default wallpaper of Ubuntu 18.10 ‘Cosmic Cuttlefish’ has finally been revealed.</strong>

And, as you can no doubt guess, the new desktop background features a lavish line-art mascot, this time a concentric circular cuttlefish illustration:

<img class="aligncenter wp-image-208 size-full" src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ubuntu-18.10-wallpaper-cuttlefish.jpg" alt="" width="1400" height="788" />

The backdrop also benefits from a deep-sea dose of the colour purple.

Two versions of the the new Ubuntu 18.10 wallpaper are available: one in full Technicolor and one in greyscale (or black and white; I do wonder if anyone uses the b&amp;w versions, so if you do, shout out in the comments):

<img class="wp-image-207 size-full aligncenter" src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/cosmic-cuttlefish-wallpaper-greyscale.jpg" alt="" width="1400" height="788" />

If you’re running the Ubuntu 18.10 daily builds you’ll get the new Ubuntu 18.10 wallpaper as an update to the Ubuntu wallpapers package, so keep an eye on update manager.

Otherwise, to use the background now, download them from the link below in high-res <strong>4096 x 2304:</strong>

<a class="omg-button omg-button--yellow-f7" title="A link to Download the Ubuntu 18.10 Wallpaper (4K)" href="https://bazaar.launchpad.net/~ubuntu-art-pkg/ubuntu-wallpapers/ubuntu/download/head:/elephantskin.jpg-20070925092320-wp63xkqaf9y3tbmp-1/warty-final-ubuntu.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="omg-button__content">Download the Ubuntu 18.10 Wallpaper (4K)</span></a>

<hr />

<div class="callout"><strong>If you’re feeling nostalgic why not look back at <a href="/look-back-at-every-default-ubuntu-wallpaper-ever" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">every Ubuntu wallpaper</a> ever?</strong></div>

The default wallpaper of Ubuntu 18.10 ‘Cosmic Cuttlefish’ has finally been revealed.

And, as you can no doubt guess, the new desktop background ...

Ubuntu 18.10’s New Wallpaper is Cosmically Cute - TCMHACK

Ubuntu 18.10’s New Wallpaper is Cosmically Cute

<strong>Say aloha to Ubuntu’s new desktop background, the one that you, me, and thousands of other Ubuntu users will stare at for the next six months.</strong>

Every new Ubuntu release ships with a new desktop wallpaper (well, almost; Ubuntu 14.10 didn’t) and the upcoming release of <a href="/ubuntu-19-04-release-date-planned-features-updated" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ubuntu 19.04</a> is no exception.

It’s something of a design tradition, but it’s also practical: distinct desktop wallpapers make it far easier to ‘spot’ Ubuntu in use in the wild!
<h2>The Disco Dingo Wallpaper, Revealed!</h2>
Topping the cutesy <a href="/ubuntu-18-10s-new-wallpaper-is-cosmically-cute/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Cosmic Cuttlefish</em> wallpaper</a> was always going to be a challenge, but the creative bods at Canonical have had a crack at it anyway.

And the result of their diligent designing is this dapper desktop drape bearing the recently revealed <a href="/meet-the-official-ubuntu-19-04-disco-dingo-mascot" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Disco Dingo mascot</a>:

<img class="aligncenter wp-image-189 size-full" src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Disco-Dingo-750x422.jpg" alt="" width="750" height="422" />

Pretty <em>delicious</em>, right?

The orange-y purple gradient keeps things looking familiar and Ubuntu-ish, and there’s a greater use of symmetry In the lines and folds (geometry?) backing this wallpaper compared to the past few.

Do you dig what you see?

If so, you can download the official Ubuntu 19.04 wallpaper direct from Launchpad, where it’s available in 4K resolution and in a greyscale variant.

<a class="omg-button omg-button--grey-66" title="Link to Download Ubuntu 19.04 Wallpaper" href="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ubuntu-wallpapers/+bug/1819744/+attachment/5246108/+files/Disco-Dingo_WP_4096x2304.tar.xz" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="omg-button__content">Download Ubuntu 19.04 Wallpaper (tar.xz)</span></a>

If you’re running Ubuntu 19.04 daily builds you should get the wallpaper as a software <a href="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ubuntu-wallpapers/+bug/1819744" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">update to the ubuntu-wallpapers package</a> at some point in the next week.

<hr />

<strong><em>I’ve updated our article showcasing <a href="/look-back-at-every-default-ubuntu-wallpaper-ever" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">every Ubuntu wallpaper, ever</a> to include the latest design, so if you’re feeling nostalgic, go and check ’em out!</em></strong>

Say aloha to Ubuntu’s new desktop background, the one that you, me, and thousands of other Ubuntu users will stare at for the next six months.

E...

The Official Ubuntu 19.04 Wallpaper Is Revealed - TCMHACK

The Official Ubuntu 19.04 Wallpaper Is Revealed

<strong>The Ubuntu 19.04 release date is scheduled for April 18, 2019.</strong>

This date appears on the draft release schedule for Ubuntu 19.04 (named the ‘Disco Dingo’), which was recently added to the official <a href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ubuntu Wiki</a>.

Dates for the other milestones that typically take place during an Ubuntu development cycle are also pencilled in, including the following freeze points:
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Feature freeze: </strong>February 21, 2019</li>
 	<li><strong>UI freeze:</strong> March 14, 2019</li>
 	<li><strong>Kernel freeze:</strong> April 1, 2019</li>
</ul>
Once again<strong> there will be no alpha release</strong> during the “Disco Dingo” cycle but an official Ubuntu 19.04 beta release will be available to download and test in March:
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Ubuntu 19.04 beta release date:</strong> March 28, 2019</li>
</ul>
All going to plan the final, stable release of Ubuntu 19.04 will strut on to the dance floor in mid-April:
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Ubuntu 19.04 release date:</strong> April 18, 2019</li>
</ul>
At this early juncture it’s worth noting that all of these dates are subject to change. So, if you’re making a note of them, best jot them down in pencil rather than biro, eh?
<h2>Ubuntu 19.04 Features: What to Expect</h2>
Wondering what to expect in Ubuntu 19.04? You needn’t scratch your head too hard.

The ‘Disco Dingo’ will ship with the latest <strong>GNOME 3.32</strong> release, offer <strong>Mesa 19.0</strong>, and make use of <strong>Linux Kernel 5.0.</strong>

A number of features initially planned for the Ubuntu 18.10 release, which postponed until the <em>Disco Dingo</em> development cycle, are, alas, passed over once again.

For instance, Ubuntu 19.04 was to include support for Android integration using GSConnect, a native JavaScript implementation of the KDE Connect protocol, out of the box. This lets users to connect an Android phone to Ubuntu wirelessly.

<strong>GSconnect won’t be default in Ubuntu 19.04</strong> (but is available in the repo).

Also seeing little improvement is Ubuntu Software. The Ubuntu Software mockups we’ve written about before haven’t inched any closer to reality this cycle.  Indeed, <strong>Ubuntu 19.04 ships with Software 3.30</strong> and not the very latest release.

Other proposed plans that have made it include making the open-source <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chromium web-browser</a> available as a Snap app in the Snap store; offering to enable geo-clue location detection (useful when travelling) during set-up, and offering better integration of Canonical’s LivePatchservice.

Ubuntu 19.04 has fractional scaling support in the (optional) Wayland session. It also includes a hidden and highly-experimental option to enable <strong>experimental fractional scaling support</strong> on Xorg for HiDPI displays.

<strong>Performance patches</strong> feature heavily in this release. Memory and CPU optimisations mean the entire desktop feels more fluid and responsive.

<img class="aligncenter wp-image-189 size-full" src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Disco-Dingo-750x422.jpg" alt="" width="750" height="422" />
<figure id="attachment_138955" class="wp-caption aligncenter" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-138955">
<figcaption id="caption-attachment-138955" class="wp-caption-text">The brand-new Ubuntu 19.04 wallpaper</figcaption></figure>
The Nautilus file manager no longer supports desktop icons. To fill the gap Ubuntu devs ship the <a href="https://gitlab.gnome.org/World/ShellExtensions/desktop-icons/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">desktop icons extension</a> by default. It’s a workable solution, but far from perfect.

Finally, and most noticeably, Ubuntu 19.04 sports some visual changes. There’s a new desktop wallpaper (see above), and the Yaru icon set has been revamped to look less uniform.
<div class="callout"><strong>We’ll be keeping this article up-to-date during the Ubuntu 19.04 development cycle</strong></div>
<div class="callout"><strong>What features do you want to see in the Disco Dingo? Let us know below!</strong></div>

The Ubuntu 19.04 release date is scheduled for April 18, 2019.

This date appears on the draft release schedule for Ubuntu 19.04 (named the ‘Disc...

Ubuntu 19.04 Release Date & Planned Features (Updated) - TCMHACK

Ubuntu 19.04 Release Date & Planned Features (Updated)

<strong>The public beta of <a href="/ubuntu-19-04-release-date-planned-features-updated" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="Ubuntu 19.04 (opens in a new tab)">Ubuntu 19.04</a> ‘Disco Dingo’, the next major update to the hugely popular Linux-based Ubuntu operating system, is now available to download.</strong>

The launch of the beta, the only one planned in the current development cycle, will allow enthusiasts and developers to help test the latest update ahead of its stable release next month.

Not long now; the final, battle-hardened version of Ubuntu 19.04 will be released on April 18th — if you haven’t already, do pop the date in your diary!
<h2>Ubuntu 19.04 Beta Download</h2>
You probably want to know what’s new, right?

We recap all the key Ubuntu 19.04 features &amp; release details in a separate post. Rather than repeat all of that here (again), I recommend you go check that post out for the full skinny.
<h4>A Sizeable, if Sedate, Update</h4>
Ubuntu 19.04 is a sizeable update — literally: the ISO is larger than usual at 2.1GB— if also a somewhat sedate one.

That’s not to say there aren’t new things to play with, but anyone who’s toyed with or run Ubuntu 18.10 will find there’s little material difference on offer here.

GNOME 3.32 delivers a bevvy of performance enhancements, keenly felt throughout the entirety of the OS.

Nautilus is now the latest version, meaning features like file favourites and elegant resizing are on offer.

A new desktop icons extension comes pre-enabled by default to replace the functionality Nautilus lost, namely on-desktop icon support.

Broadly speaking the desktop icons extension works okay, but there are some niggling issues.

For instance, you can’t (currently) drag and drop files from the desktop on to an app to open or move it. There are several minor regressions like this which, one hopes, will be resolved in future updates to the extension.

Updated apps on offer include the latest versions of Mozilla Firefox, Thunderbird, and LibreOffice.
<ul>
 	<li><strong>GNOME Shell 3.32</strong></li>
 	<li><strong>Ubuntu Linux Kernel 5.0</strong></li>
 	<li><strong>Mesa 19.0</strong> <strong>available</strong></li>
 	<li><strong>Yaru icon set update</strong></li>
 	<li><strong>New Desktop Icons extension</strong></li>
 	<li><strong>Updated apps</strong></li>
 	<li><strong><a href="/the-official-ubuntu-19-04-wallpaper-is-revealed/">New wallpaper</a></strong></li>
</ul>
And that’s more or less it!
<h3>Downloads</h3>
<p class="has-text-color has-background has-very-light-gray-color has-vivid-red-background-color"><strong>Caution</strong>: We don’t recommend you install the Ubuntu 19.04 Beta on your main computer. Beta software may have stability issues or contain bugs and quirks that are yet to be fixed. Stay safe and use live media, a test partition or virtual machine to try it out.</p>
You can download the Ubuntu 19.04 beta ISO from the official Ubuntu release server, linked below:
<p class="wp-block-omg-buttons ta-center"><a class="omg-button omg-button--orange-ef" href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/disco/ubuntu-19.04-beta-desktop-amd64.iso" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="omg-button__content">Download Ubuntu 19.04 Beta (64-bit .ISO)</span></a></p>
You can use a tool like <a href="https://etcher.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="Etcher (opens in a new tab)">Etcher</a> to flash the ISO image to a USB stick to boot Ubuntu 19.04 beta (or install it) on your computer.

For a complete look at all of the new features you can expect to see in Ubuntu 19.04 next month, make sure to check out our full Ubuntu 19.04 roundup.

The public beta of Ubuntu 19.04 ‘Disco Dingo’, the next major update to the hugely popular Linux-based Ubuntu operating system, is now available ...

Ubuntu 19.04 Beta is Now Available to Download - TCMHACK

Ubuntu 19.04 Beta is Now Available to Download

Follow these instructions to generate a certificate signing request (CSR) for your Apache Web server. When you have completed generating your CSR, cut/copy and paste it into the CSR field on the SSL certificate-request page.
<h2>To Generate a Certificate Signing Request for Apache 2.x</h2>
<ol>
 	<li>Log in to your server's terminal (SSH).</li>
 	<li>At the prompt, type the following command:
<pre>openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout&nbsp;<em>yourdomain</em>.key -out&nbsp;<em>yourdomain</em>.csr</pre>
Note: Replace yourdomain with the domain name you're securing. For example, if your domain name is coolexample.com, you would type coolexample.key and coolexample.csr.</li>
 	<li>Enter the requested information:
<ol>
 	<li>Common Name: The fully-qualified domain name, or URL, you're securing.
If you are requesting a Wildcard certificate, add an asterisk (*) to the left of the common name where you want the wildcard, for example *.coolexample.com.</li>
 	<li>Organization: The legally-registered name for your business. If you are enrolling as an individual, enter the certificate requestor's name.</li>
 	<li>Organization Unit: If applicable, enter the DBA (doing business as) name.</li>
 	<li>City or Locality: Name of the city where your organization is registered/located. Do not abbreviate.</li>
 	<li>State or Province: Name of the state or province where your organization is located. Do not abbreviate.</li>
 	<li>Country: The two-letter International Organization for Standardization (ISO) format country code for where your organization is legally registered.Note: If you do not want to enter a password for this SSL, you can leave the Passphrase field blank. However, please understand there might be additional risks.</li>
</ol>
</li>
 	<li>Open the CSR in a text editor and copy all of the text.</li>
 	<li>Paste the full CSR into the SSL enrollment form in your account.</li>
</ol>

Follow these instructions to generate a certificate signing request (CSR) for your Apache Web server. When you have completed generating your CSR...

Apache: Generate CSR (Certificate Signing Request) - TCMHACK

Apache: Generate CSR (Certificate Signing Request)

XSS is a very commonly exploited vulnerability type which is&nbsp;<strong>very widely spread</strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>easily detectable</strong>&nbsp;and also it is one of the important vulnerability in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10-2017_Top_10">OWASP TOP 10</a>.

What is XSS( Cross Site Scripting )? An<span class="fontstyle0">&nbsp;attacker can inject untrusted snippets of JavaScript into your application without validation. This JavaScript is then executed by the victim who is visiting the target site. It classified into three types.</span>
<ul>
 	<li>Reflected XSS</li>
 	<li>Stored XSS</li>
 	<li>DOM-Based XSS</li>
</ul>
<span class="fontstyle0">In&nbsp;<strong>Reflected XSS</strong>, an attacker sends the victim a link to the target application through email, social media, etc. This link has a script embedded within it which executes when visiting the target site.</span>

<span class="fontstyle0">In&nbsp;<strong>Stored XSS</strong>, the attacker is able to plant a persistent script in the target website which will execute when anyone visits it.</span>

<span class="fontstyle0">With&nbsp;<strong>DOM Based XSS</strong>, no HTTP request is required, the script is injected as a result of modifying the DOM of the target site in the client side code in the victim’s browser and is then executed.</span>
<h2><strong>Understanding XSS – Cross Site Scripting</strong></h2>
<pre>http://test.gbhackers.com/search?q=gbhackers
Searched for &lt;strong&gt;gbhackers&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;script&gt;alert(document.cookie)&lt;/script&gt;</pre>
Imagine that we are having an URL like this and we are searching for&nbsp;<strong>gbhackers&nbsp;</strong>and it will reflect the following query in the browser. We trust the domain and we trust the resource being entered in the search page, so now the untrusted part<a href="https://gbhackers.com/">&nbsp;gbhackers&nbsp;</a>was the query string entered by the browser, the attacker can manipulate the value anything as they like, for an example they change like this&nbsp;&lt;script&gt;alert(document.cookie)&lt;/script&gt;. This is just a simple query to popup an alert in the webpage, if some requested the page of attackers website and passed&nbsp;<strong>document.cookies as a parameter</strong>&nbsp;in the website then the attacker can gather all cookies in the website. If they got&nbsp;<strong>Auth cookies</strong>&nbsp;they can<strong>&nbsp;</strong>simply hijack user sessions.

<img class="aligncenter wp-image-167 size-full" src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/xss1.png" alt="" width="604" height="382">
<h2><strong>Potential risks about Cross Site Scripting</strong></h2>
The&nbsp;<a href="https://gbhackers.com/xsser-automated-framework-detectexploit-report-xss-vulnerabilities/">attacker</a>&nbsp;can compromise or take over the victim’s user account in the application. They could retrieve data from the target web application, modify content on the target page, redirect the victim to another malicious or spoof site, or use it as a platform to install other malware on the victim’s system.

The consequences of any of the above can seriously impact your ability to conduct business, your customers, and your organization’s reputation.

<img class="aligncenter wp-image-166 size-full" src="http://ec2-13-127-91-65.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/xss.png" alt="" width="495" height="246">
<h2><strong>Defenses against Cross Site Scripting</strong></h2>
<ul>
 	<li>What input do we trust?</li>
 	<li>Does it adhere to expected patterns?</li>
 	<li>Never simply reflect untrusted data.</li>
 	<li>Applies to data within our database too.</li>
 	<li>Encoding of context(Java/attribute/HTML/CSS).</li>
</ul>

XSS is a very commonly exploited vulnerability type which is&nbsp;very widely spread&nbsp;and&nbsp;easily detectable&nbsp;and also it is one of t...