<p>Moving files and directories is one of the most basic tasks you often need to perform on a Linux system.</p>

<p>In this tutorial, we will explain how to use the&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;command to move files and directories.</p>

<h2 id="how-to-use-the-mv-command">How to Use the mv Command</h2>

<p>The&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;command (short from move) is used to rename and move and files and directories from one location to another. The syntax for the&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;command is as follows:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv [OPTIONS] source destination</code></pre>

<p>The&nbsp;<code>source</code>&nbsp;can be one or more files or directories and&nbsp;<code>destination</code>&nbsp;can be a single file or directory.</p>

<ul>
<li>If you specify multiple files or directories as a&nbsp;<code>source</code>, the&nbsp;<code>destination</code> must be a directory. In this case, the <code>source</code>&nbsp;files are moved to the target directory.</li>
<li>If you specify a single file as&nbsp;<code>source</code>, and the&nbsp;<code>destination</code>&nbsp;target is an existing directory then the file is moved to the specified directory.</li>
<li>If you specify a single file as&nbsp;<code>source</code>, and a single file as&nbsp;<code>destination</code> target then you&rsquo;re renaming the file.</li>
<li>If the&nbsp;<code>source</code>&nbsp;is a directory and&nbsp;<code>destination</code>&nbsp;doesn&rsquo;t, exist&nbsp;<code>source</code>&nbsp;will be renamed to&nbsp;<code>destination</code>, otherwise it be moved inside the&nbsp;<code>destination</code> directory.</li>
</ul>

<p>To move a file or directory you need to have write permissions on both&nbsp;<code>source</code> and <code>destination</code>. Otherwise, you will receive a permission denied error.</p>

<p>For example, to move the file&nbsp;<code>file1</code>&nbsp;from the current working directory to the&nbsp;<code>/tmp</code>&nbsp;directory you would run:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv file1 /tmp</code></pre>

<p>To rename a file specify the destination file name:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv file1 file2</code></pre>

<p>The command for moving directories is the same as when moving files. In the following example if the&nbsp;<code>dir2</code>&nbsp;directory exists the command will move&nbsp;<code>dir1</code>inside&nbsp;<code>dir2</code>. If&nbsp;<code>dir2</code>&nbsp;doesn&rsquo;t exist,&nbsp;<code>dir1</code>&nbsp;will be renamed to&nbsp;<code>dir2</code>:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv dir1 dir2</code></pre>

<h2 id="moving-multiple-files-and-directories">Moving Multiple Files and Directories</h2>

<p>To move multiple files and directories, specify the files you want to move as the source. For example to move the files&nbsp;<code>file1</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code>file2</code>&nbsp;to the&nbsp;<code>dir1</code>&nbsp;directory you would type:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv file1 file2 dir1</code></pre>

<p>The&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;command also allows you to use pattern matching. For example, to copy all pdf files from the current directory to the&nbsp;<code>~/Documents</code>&nbsp;directory you would use:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv *.pdf ~/Documents</code></pre>

<h2 id="mv-command-options">mv Command Options</h2>

<p>The&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;command accepts options that affect default command behavior. In some Linux distributions&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;may be an&nbsp;<strong>alias</strong>&nbsp;to the&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;command with a custom set of options. For example in CentOS&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;is an alias to&nbsp;<code>mv -i</code>. You can find whether&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;is an alias using the&nbsp;<code>type</code>&nbsp;command:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>type mv</code></pre>

<p>If&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;is alias the output will look something like this:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv is aliased to `mv -i'</code></pre>

<p>If you specify conflicting options, the option specified last takes precendence.</p>

<h3 id="prompt-before-overwriting">Prompt before overwriting</h3>

<p>By default if the destination file exists it will be overwritten. To prompt for confirmation use the&nbsp;<code>-i</code>&nbsp;option:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv -i file1 /tmp</code></pre>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv: overwrite '/tmp/file1'?</code></pre>

<p>To overwrite the file type the character&nbsp;<code>y</code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>Y</code>.</p>

<h3 id="force-overwriting">Force overwriting</h3>

<p>If you try to overwrite a read only file the&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;command will prompt you whether you want to overwrite the file:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv -i file1 /tmp</code></pre>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv: replace '/tmp/file1', overriding mode 0400 (r--------)? </code></pre>

<p>To avoid being prompted use the&nbsp;<code>-f</code>&nbsp;options:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv -f file1 /tmp</code></pre>

<p>This option is especially useful when you need to overwrite multiple reed only file.</p>

<h3 id="do-not-overwrite-existing-files">Do not overwrite existing files</h3>

<p>The&nbsp;<code>-n</code>&nbsp;option tells&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;never to overwrite any existing file:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv -f file1 /tmp</code></pre>

<p>If a&nbsp;<code>file1</code>&nbsp;exists the command above will do nothing, otherwise it will copy the file to the&nbsp;<code>/tmp</code>&nbsp;directory.</p>

<h3 id="backing-up-files">Backing up files</h3>

<p>If the destination file exists you can create a backup of it using the&nbsp;<code>-b</code>&nbsp;option:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv -b file1 /tmp</code></pre>

<p>The backup file will have the same name as the original file with a tilde (<code>~</code>) appended to it.</p>

<p>Use the&nbsp;<strong>ls command</strong>&nbsp;to verify that the backup was created:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ls /tmp/file1*</code></pre>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>/tmp/file1  /tmp/file1~</code></pre>

<h3 id="verbose-output">Verbose output</h3>

<p>Another option that can be useful is&nbsp;<code>-v</code>. When using this option the command will print the name of each moved file:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mv -i file1 /tmp</code></pre>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>renamed 'file1' -&gt; '/tmp/file1'</code></pre>

<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>

<p>By now you should have a good understanding of how to use the&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;command to move files and directories. New Linux users who are intimidated by the command line can use the GUI file manager to move their files.</p>

<p>For more information about the&nbsp;<code>mv</code>&nbsp;command check the&nbsp;<a href="https://ss64.com/bash/mv.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">man page</a>.</p>

<p>If you have any question or feedback, feel free to leave a comment.</p>

Moving files and directories is one of the most basic tasks you often need to perform on a Linux system. In this tutorial, we will explain how...

How to Move Files and Directories in Linux with the mv Command - TCMHACK

How to Move Files and Directories in Linux with the mv Command

<p>When working on the command line quite often you will need to create or edit text files. Two of the most powerful and popular used command line editors are Vim and Emacs. Both of them have a steep learning curve that can be intimidating to new users. For those who need a simple editor, there is nano.</p>

<p>GNU nano is an easy to use command line text editor for Unix and Linux operating systems. It includes all the basic functionality you&rsquo;d expect from a regular text editor, like syntax highlighting, multiple buffers, search and replace with regular expression support, spellchecking, UTF-8 encoding, and more.</p>

<p>In this guide, we will cover the basics of using the nano editor including how to create and open a file, edit a file, save a file, search and replace text, cut and paste text, and more.</p>

<h2 id="installing-nano">Installing Nano</h2>

<p>Nano text editor is pre-installed on macOS and most Linux distros. To check if it is installed on your system type:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ nano --version</code></pre>

<p>The output will look something like this:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Output:
GNU nano, version 2.9.3
(C) 1999-2011, 2013-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
(C) 2014-2018 the contributors to nano
Email: nano@nano-editor.org	Web: https://nano-editor.org/</code></pre>

<p>If you don&rsquo;t have nano installed on your system, you can install it using the package manager of your distribution.</p>

<h3 id="install-nano-on-ubuntu-and-debian">Install Nano on Ubuntu and Debian</h3>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ sudo apt install nano</code></pre>

<h3 id="install-nano-on-centos-and-fedora">Install Nano on CentOS and Fedora</h3>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ sudo yum install nano</code></pre>

<h2 id="opening-and-creating-files">Opening and Creating Files</h2>

<p>To open an existing file or to create a new file, type&nbsp;<code>nano</code>&nbsp;followed by the file name:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ nano filename</code></pre>

<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744738994851-nano-text-editor-screenshot-1024x554.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="554"></p>
<p>This opens a new editor window and you can start editing the file.</p>

<p>At the bottom of the window, there is a list of the most basic command shortcuts to use with the nano editor.</p>

<p>All commands are prefixed with either&nbsp;<code>^</code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>M</code>&nbsp;character. The caret symbol (<code>^</code>) represents the&nbsp;<code>Ctrl</code>&nbsp;key. For example, the&nbsp;<code>^J</code>&nbsp;commands mean to press the&nbsp;<code>Ctrl</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code>J</code>&nbsp;keys at the same time. The letter&nbsp;<code>M</code>&nbsp;represents the&nbsp;<code>Alt</code>&nbsp;key.</p>

<p>You can get a list of all commands by typing&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+g</code>.</p>

<p>To be able to open a file you must have read permissions to the file.</p>

<p>If you want to open a file with the cursor on a specific line and character use the following syntax:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ nano +line_number,character_number filename</code></pre>

<p>If you omit the&nbsp;<code>character_number</code>&nbsp;the cursor will be positioned on the first character.</p>

<h2 id="editing-files">Editing Files</h2>

<p>Unlike vi, nano is a modeless editor which means that you can start typing and editing the text immediately after opening the file.</p>

<p>To move the cursor to a specific line and character number, use the&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+_</code>command. The menu on the bottom of the screen will change. Enter the number(s) in the &ldquo;Enter line number, column number:&rdquo; field and hit&nbsp;<code>Enter</code>.</p>

<h3 id="searching-and-replacing">Searching and replacing</h3>

<p>To search for a text hit&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+w</code>, type in the search term, and press&nbsp;<code>Enter</code>. The cursor will move to the first match. To move to the next match, press&nbsp;<code>Alt+w</code>.</p>

<p>If you want to search and replace, press&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+\</code>. Enter the search term and the text to be replaced with. The editor will move to the first match and ask you whether to replace it. After hitting&nbsp;<code>Y</code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>N</code>&nbsp;it will move to the next match. Pressing&nbsp;<code>A</code>&nbsp;will replace all matches.</p>

<h3 id="copping-cutting-and-pasting">Copping, cutting, and pasting</h3>

<p>To select text move the cursor to the beginning of the text and press&nbsp;<code>Alt+a</code>. This will set a selection mark. Move the cursor to the end of the text you want to select using the arrow keys. The selected text will be highlighted. If you want to cancel the selection press&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+6</code></p>

<p>Copy the selected text to the clipboard using the&nbsp;<code>Alt+6</code>&nbsp;command.&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+k</code>&nbsp;will cut the selected text.</p>

<p>If you want to cut whole lines simply move the cursor to the line and press&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+k</code>. You can cut multiple lines by hitting&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+k</code>&nbsp;several times.</p>

<p>To paste the text move the cursor to where you want to put the text and press&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+u</code>.</p>

<h2 id="saving-and-exiting">Saving and Exiting</h2>

<p>To save the changes you&rsquo;ve made to the file, press&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+o</code>. If the file doesn&rsquo;t already exist, it will be created once you save it.</p>

<p>If you want to exit nano press&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+x</code>. If there are unsaved changes you&rsquo;ll be asked whether you want to save the changes.</p>

<p>To save the file you must have at write permissions to the file. If you are&nbsp;<strong>creating a new file</strong>&nbsp;you need to have write permission to the directory where the file will be created.</p>

<h2 id="customizing-nano-nanorc">Customizing Nano (nanorc)</h2>

<p>When nano is launched it reads its configuration parameters from the system-wide configuration file&nbsp;<code>/etc/nanorc</code>&nbsp;and from the user-specific files&nbsp;<code>~/.config/nano/nanorc</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code>~/.nanorc</code>&nbsp;if the files are present.</p>

<p>Options specified in the user file take precedence over the global options.</p>

<p>Visit the&nbsp;<strong>nanorc</strong>&nbsp;page for a complete list of all available option.</p>

<h3 id="syntax-highlighting">Syntax Highlighting</h3>

<p>Nano ships with syntax highlighting rules for most popular file types. On most Linux systems the syntax files are stored in the&nbsp;<code>/usr/share/nano</code>&nbsp;directory and included by default in the&nbsp;<code>/etc/nanorc</code>&nbsp;configuration file.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>include "/usr/share/nano/*.nanorc"</code></pre>

<p>The easiest option to enable highlighting for a new file type, is to add the syntax highlighting rules file to the&nbsp;<code>/usr/share/nano</code>&nbsp;directory.</p>

<h2 id="set-nano-as-the-default-text-editor">Set Nano as the Default Text Editor</h2>

<p>By default on most Linux systems, the default text editor for commands such as&nbsp;<code>visudo</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://linuxize.com/post/scheduling-cron-jobs-with-crontab/"><code>crontab</code></a>&nbsp;is set to vi. To use nano as the default text editor you need to change the&nbsp;<code>VISUAL</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code>EDITOR</code>&nbsp;<strong>environment variables.</strong></p>

<p>Bash users can export the variables in the&nbsp;<code>~/.bashrc</code>&nbsp;file:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>export VISUAL=nano
export EDITOR="$VISUAL"</code></pre>

<h2 id="basic-nano-usage">Basic Nano Usage</h2>

<p>Below are the most basic steps for getting started with nano:</p>

<ol>
<li>On the command prompt, type&nbsp;<code>nano</code>&nbsp;followed by the filename.</li>
<li>Edit the file as required.</li>
<li>Use the&nbsp;<code>Ctrl-x</code>&nbsp;command to save and exit the text editor.</li>
</ol>

<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>

<p>In this tutorial, we have shown you how to use Gnu nano text editor. It is a popular text editor among Linux users and has a small learning curve.</p>

<p>For more information about Gnu Nano visit the official&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nano-editor.org/docs.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">nano documentation</a>page.</p>

When working on the command line quite often you will need to create or edit text files. Two of the most powerful and popular used command line e...

How to Use Nano, the Command Line Text Editor in Linux - TCMHACK

How to Use Nano, the Command Line Text Editor in Linux

<p><a href="https://getcomposer.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">Composer</a> is a dependency manager for PHP (similar to npm for Node.js or pip for Python). Composer will pull in all the required PHP packages your project depends on and manage them for you.</p>



<p>In this tutorial, we’ll show you how to install and use Composer on an Ubuntu 18.04 machine. The same steps can be used for Ubuntu 16.04.</p>



<h2 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h2>



<p>Before continuing with this tutorial, make sure you are logged in as a&nbsp;user with sudo privileges&nbsp;and you have&nbsp;PHP installed on your Ubuntu 18.04&nbsp;system.</p>



<h2 id="installing-php-composer">Installing PHP Composer</h2>



<p>If you are in a hurry and you don’t want to verify the file integrity scroll down to the&nbsp;<strong>Installing Composer - Quick Way</strong>&nbsp;section.</p>



<p>To install Composer on your Ubuntu system, perform the following steps:</p>



<p><strong>01. Before downloading and installing Composer, first update the packages index and install the necessary requirements:</strong></p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sudo apt update
sudo apt install wget php-cli php-zip unzip</code></pre>



<p><strong>02. Now that we have php cli installed on our machine, we can download the composer installer with:</strong></p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>php -r "copy('https://getcomposer.org/installer', 'composer-setup.php');"</code></pre>



<p>The command above will download the&nbsp;<code>composer-setup.php</code>&nbsp;file in the current working directory.</p>



<p><strong>03. Next, we need to verify the data integrity of the script by comparing the script </strong><code><strong>SHA-384</strong></code><strong> hash with the latest installer hash found on the <a href="https://composer.github.io/pubkeys.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">Composer Public Keys / Signatures</a> page.</strong></p>



<p>We will use the following&nbsp;wget command&nbsp;to download the expected signature of the latest Composer installer from the Composer’s Github page and store it in a variable named&nbsp;<code>HASH</code>:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>HASH="$(wget -q -O - https://composer.github.io/installer.sig)"</code></pre>



<p>Now run the following command to verify that the installation script is not corrupted:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>php -r "if (hash_file('SHA384', 'composer-setup.php') === '$HASH') { echo 'Installer verified'; } else { echo 'Installer corrupt'; unlink('composer-setup.php'); } echo PHP_EOL;"</code></pre>



<p>If the hashes match, you will see the following output:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Output:
Installer verified</code></pre>



<p>If the hashes don’t match you will see&nbsp;<code>Installer corrupt</code>. In this case you will need to redownload the Composer installation script and double check the value of the&nbsp;<code>$HASH</code>&nbsp;variable with&nbsp;<a href="https://linuxize.com/post/echo-command-in-linux-with-examples/"><code>echo $HASH</code></a>. Once the installer is verified, you can continue with the next step.</p>



<p><strong>04. The following command will install Composer in the </strong><code><strong>/usr/local/bin</strong></code><strong>directory:</strong></p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sudo php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/usr/local/bin --filename=composer</code></pre>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Output
All settings correct for using Composer
Downloading...

Composer (version 1.8.5) successfully installed to: /usr/local/bin/composer
Use it: php /usr/local/bin/composer</code></pre>



<p>The&nbsp;<code>composer</code>&nbsp;is installed as a system-wide command and it will be available for all users.</p>



<p><strong>05. The last step is to verify the installation:</strong></p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ composer</code></pre>



<p>The command above, will print the Composer’s version, commands and arguments.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Output
______
/ ____/___  ____ ___  ____  ____  ________  _____
/ /   / __ \/ __ `__ \/ __ \/ __ \/ ___/ _ \/ ___/
/ /___/ /_/ / / / / / / /_/ / /_/ (__  )  __/ /
\____/\____/_/ /_/ /_/ .___/\____/____/\___/_/
                    /_/
Composer version 1.8.5 2019-04-09 17:46:47

Usage:
    command [options] [arguments]</code></pre>

Composer is a dependency manager for PHP (similar to npm for Node.js or pip for Python). Composer will pull in all the required PHP packages your...

How To Install and Use PHP Composer on Ubuntu 16/18/19 - TCMHACK

How To Install and Use PHP Composer on Ubuntu 16/18/19

<p><a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/">Google Chrome</a>&nbsp;is the most widely used web browser in the world. It is fast, easy to use and secure browser built for the modern web.</p>

<p>Chrome is not an open source browser and it is not included in the Ubuntu repositories. Google Chrome is based on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.chromium.org/">Chromium</a>, an open-source browser which is available in the default Ubuntu repositories.</p>

<p>In this tutorial, we&rsquo;ll show you how to install Google Chrome web browser on Ubuntu 18.04. The same instructions apply for Ubuntu 16.04 and any other Debian based distribution, including Debian, Linux Mint and Elementary OS.</p>

<h3 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h3>

<p>Before continuing with this tutorial, make sure you are logged in as a&nbsp;user with sudo privileges.</p>

<h3 id="installing-google-chrome-on-ubuntu">Installing Google Chrome on Ubuntu</h3>

<p>To install Google Chrome on your Ubuntu system, follow these steps:</p>

<h4 id="1-download-google-chrome">1. Download Google Chrome</h4>

<p>Open your terminal either by using the&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+Alt+T</code>&nbsp;keyboard shortcut or by clicking on the terminal icon.</p>

<p>Download the latest Google Chrome&nbsp;<code>.deb</code>&nbsp;package with&nbsp;<strong>wget</strong>:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb</code></pre>

<h4 id="2-install-google-chrome">2. Install Google Chrome</h4>

<p>Installing packages on Ubuntu requires sudo privileges. Make sure you are running the following command as a user with sudo privileges.</p>

<p>Install the Google Chrome&nbsp;<code>.deb</code>&nbsp;package by typing:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb</code></pre>

<p>You will be asked to enter your user password. The output should look something like the following:</p>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744771705105-ubuntu-install-google-chrome-1024x214.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="214"></p>

<h3 id="starting-google-chrome">Starting Google Chrome</h3>

<p>Now that Google Chrome is installed on your Ubuntu system you can start it either from the command line by typing&nbsp;<code>google-chrome</code>&nbsp;or by clicking on the Google Chrome icon (<code>Activities -&gt; Google Chrome</code>):</p>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744771743215-ubuntu-open-google-chome-1024x768.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="768"></p>

<p>When you start Google Chrome for the first time, a window like the following will appear asking if you want to make Google Chrome your default browser and to send usage statistic and crash reports to Google:</p>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744771792181-ubuntu-google-chome-default-browser-1024x768.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="768"></p>

<p>Select according to your preference, and click&nbsp;<code>OK</code>&nbsp;to proceed.</p>

<p>Google Chrome will open and you&rsquo;ll see the default Chrome welcome page.</p>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744771831407-ubuntu-google-chome-welcome-page-1024x768.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="768"></p>

<p>From here you can sign-in to Chrome with your Google Account to sync your bookmarks, history, passwords and other settings on all your devices.</p>

<h3 id="updating-google-chrome">Updating Google Chrome</h3>

<p>During the installation process, the official Google repository will be added to your system. You can use the&nbsp;<strong>cat command</strong>&nbsp;to verify the file contents:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list</code></pre>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>### THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY CONFIGURED ###
# You may comment out this entry, but any other modifications may be lost.
deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main</code></pre>

<p>This ensures that your Google Chrome installation will be updated automatically when a new version is released through your desktop standard Software Update tool.</p>

<h4 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h4>

<p>In this tutorial, we&rsquo;ve shown you how to install Google Chrome on your Ubuntu 18.04 desktop machine.</p>

<p>If you&rsquo;ve previously used a different browser, like Firefox,&nbsp;<strong>Chromium</strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>Opera</strong>, you can import your bookmarks and settings into Chrome.</p>

<p>Feel free to leave a comment below.</p>

Google Chrome&nbsp;is the most widely used web browser in the world. It is fast, easy to use and secure browser built for the modern web...

How to Install Google Chrome Web Browser on Ubuntu 18.04 - TCMHACK

How to Install Google Chrome Web Browser on Ubuntu 18.04

<p><a href="https://www.getpostman.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Postman</a>&nbsp;is a complete API development environment that helps you manage your APIs in every stage of development from designing and testing, to publishing API documentation and monitoring. Postman started as a&nbsp;<a href="../../../../blog/how-to-install-google-chrome-web-browser-on-ubuntu-18-04/">Chrome browser</a>&nbsp;extension and quickly become one of the most used API tools by developers all over the world.</p>

<p>Postman is available as a native app (built on Electron) for all major operating systems including macOS, Linux, and Windows. Although it is possible to install and use Postman as a Chrome app, support for the Postman Chrome app is being deprecated.</p>

<p>This tutorial explains how to install Postman on Ubuntu 18.04. The same instructions apply for Ubuntu 16.04 and any Ubuntu-based distribution, including Linux Mint, Kubuntu, and Lubuntu.</p>

<h3 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h3>

<p>Before continuing with this tutorial, make sure you are logged in as a&nbsp;user with sudo privileges.</p>

<h3 id="installing-postman">Installing Postman</h3>

<p>The easiest way is to install Postman on Ubuntu 18.04 is by using the <a href="https://snapcraft.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">snappy</a> packaging system.</p>

<p>Open your terminal by pressing&nbsp;<code>Ctrl+Alt+T</code>&nbsp;and install the Postman snap package, by typing:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sudo snap install postman</code></pre>

<p>The download may take some time depending on the speed of your connection. Once installed, the following output will be displayed:</p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>postman 6.7.1 from 'postman-inc' installed</code></pre>

<p>Alternatively, you can install Postman using the Ubuntu Software Center. Simply search for Postman and click install:</p>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744772114562-install-postman-ubuntu-software-center-1024x768.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="768"></p>

<h3 id="starting-postman">Starting Postman</h3>

<p>Now that Postman is installed on your Ubuntu system you can start it by clicking on the Postman icon (<code>Activities -&gt; Postman</code>):</p>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744772160941-ubuntu-postman-start-1024x768.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="768"></p>

<p>When you start Postman for the first time, a window like the following will appear asking you to login or create a new account:</p>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744772192374-ubuntu-postman-login-1024x768.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="768"></p>

<p>If you create an account, you will be able to organize your work in Workspaces, create backups, and sync your data across multiple devices. If you don&rsquo;t want to log in simply click on &ldquo;Skip signing in and take me straight to the app&rdquo;.</p>

<p>To illustrate how Postman works, we will send a simple Get request to a&nbsp;<a href="https://reqres.in/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hosted REST API</a>&nbsp;and receive a JSON response containing users list.</p>

<p>On the &ldquo;Untitled Request tab&rdquo; enter&nbsp;<code>https://reqres.in/api/users</code>, leave the request type as&nbsp;<code>GET</code> and click on the SEND button. On success, the response will return a JSON object containing an array of users.</p>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744772253622-ubuntu-postman-example-1024x768.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="768"></p>

<p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://learning.getpostman.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Postman Learning Center</a>&nbsp;should be a good starting point for learning how to create Postman workspaces, collections, environments and more.</p>

<h4 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h4>

<p>You have successfully install Postman on your Ubuntu 18.04 machine. You can now explore your new API tool and start working on your projects.</p>

<p>If you have any question, please leave a comment below.</p>

Postman is a complete API development environment that helps you manage your APIs in every stage of development from designing and testing...

How to Install Postman on Ubuntu 18.04/19.04 - TCMHACK

How to Install Postman on Ubuntu 18.04/19.04

<p>This tutorial will help you to clone a specific git branch from the remote git repository via command line.</p>



<h2>Syntax:</h2>



<p>You need to specify the branch name with&nbsp;<strong>-b</strong>&nbsp;command switch. Here is the syntax of the command to clone the specific git branch.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">git clone -b &lt;BRANCH_NAME&gt;  &lt;GIT_REMOTE_URL&gt;
</pre>



<h2>Example:</h2>



<p>The following command will clone the branch 5.1-branch from the WordPress git repository.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">git clone <strong>-b 5.1-branch</strong> https://github.com/WordPress/WordPress.git
</pre>



<p>The above command clones only the specific branch but fetches the details of other branches. You can view all branches details with command&nbsp;<code>git branch -a</code>.</p>



<p>You can use&nbsp;<code>--single-branch</code>&nbsp;to prevent fetching details of other branches like below:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">git clone -b 5.1-branch <strong>--single-branch</strong> https://github.com/WordPress/WordPress.git
</pre>



<p>All done. You can view the currently active branch by running the command:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">git branch</pre>

This tutorial will help you to clone a specific git branch from the remote git repository via command line.



Syntax:



You need to specify the...

How to Clone Specific Git Branch from Remote Repository - TCMHACK

How to Clone Specific Git Branch from Remote Repository

<p><strong>Node.js</strong>&nbsp;is a platform built on Chrome&rsquo;s JavaScript runtime for easily building fast, scalable network applications. Latest version&nbsp;<a href="https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_12.x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">node.js ppa</a>&nbsp;is maintaining by its official website. We can add this PPA to your&nbsp;<strong>Ubuntu 19.04, 18.04 LTS, 16.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) and 14.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)</strong>&nbsp;systems and install node.js on Linux VPS with easy commands.</p>

<p>To install specific nodejs version, Visit our tutorial&nbsp;<a href="../../../../blog/how-to-install-and-manage-node-js-via-nvm/">Install Specific Nodejs Version with NVM</a>.</p>

<h2>Step 1 &ndash; Add Node.js PPA</h2>

<p>Node.js package is available in LTS release and the current release. It&rsquo;s your choice to select which version you want to install on the system as per your requirements. Let&rsquo;s add the PPA to your system to install Nodejs on Ubuntu.</p>

<p><strong>Use Current Release:</strong>&nbsp;At te last update of this tutorial, Node.js 12 is the current Node.js release available.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo apt-get install curl python-software-properties
curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_12.x | sudo -E bash -
</pre>

<p><strong>Use LTS Release :</strong>&nbsp;At the last update of this tutorial, Node.js 10.15.3 is the LTS release available.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo apt-get install curl python-software-properties
curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_10.x | sudo -E bash -
</pre>

<p>For this tutorial,&nbsp;<strong>I am using the latest current release</strong>&nbsp;and added their PPA to my system.</p>

<h2>Step 2 &ndash; Install Node.js on Ubuntu</h2>

<p>You can successfully add Node.js PPA to Ubuntu system. Now execute the below command install Node on and Ubuntu using apt-get. This will also install NPM with node.js. This command also installs many other dependent packages on your system.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo apt-get install nodejs
</pre>

<h2>Step 3 &ndash; Check Node.js and NPM Version</h2>

<p>After installing node.js verify and check the installed version. You can find more details about current version on node.js&nbsp;<a href="https://nodejs.org/download/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">official website</a>.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"><strong>node -v </strong>

v12.1.0
</pre>

<p>Also, check the npm version</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"><strong>npm -v </strong>

v12.3.1
</pre>

<h2>Step 4 &ndash; Create Demo Web Server (Optional)</h2>

<p>This is an optional step. If you want to test your node.js install. Let&rsquo;s create a web server with &ldquo;Hello World!&rdquo; text. Create a file&nbsp;<strong>server.js</strong></p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"><strong>vim server.js</strong>
</pre>

<p>and add the following contentserver.js</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
  res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
  res.end('Hello World\n');
}).listen(3000, "127.0.0.1");
console.log('Server running at http://127.0.0.1:3000/');
</pre>

<p>Now start the Node application using the command.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"><strong>node server.js</strong>

debugger listening on port 5858
Server running at http://127.0.0.1:3000/
</pre>

<p>You can also start the application with debugging enabled with the following commands.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"><strong>node --inspect server.js</strong>

Debugger listening on ws://127.0.0.1:9229/8976a32b-cf99-457c-85fb-e7288cbadac6
For help see https://nodejs.org/en/docs/inspector
Server running at http://127.0.0.1:3000/
</pre>

<p>The web server has been started on port 3000. Now access&nbsp;<strong>http://127.0.0.1:3000/</strong>&nbsp;URL in browser. Now you will need to configure a front-end server for your app.</p>

<ul>
<li>Read:&nbsp;<a href="../../../../blog/how-to-setup-nginx-as-frontend-server-for-node-js/">How to Setup Nginx as Frontend Server for Node.js</a></li>
</ul>

Node.js is a platform built on Chrome’s JavaScript runtime for easily building fast, scalable network applications.

How to Install Latest Node.js and NPM on Ubuntu with PPA - TCMHACK

How to Install Latest Node.js and NPM on Ubuntu with PPA

<p>NGINX is a powerful and widely used for web server. It also used as frontend proxy server for multiple web application servers runs behind this. This tutorial will help you to setup your Nginx server as fronted proxy server for your Node.js application.</p>

<h2>1. Install Node.js</h2>

<p>First install the required packages for node.js installation and add PPA of nodejs available on launchpad. Afer that install nodejs with following commands.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo apt-get install python-software-properties python g++ make
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:chris-lea/node.js
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install nodejs
</pre>

<h2>2. Install Nginx</h2>

<p>Now install Nginx web server using apt-get. Nginx is available under default repositories.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo apt-get install nginx
</pre>

<h2>4. Create Test Node Server</h2>

<p>Now create a test node server app and run it on port 3000 on host 127.0.0.1. To create a node server create file&nbsp;<strong>~/MyApp/myapp.js</strong>&nbsp;.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ cd ~/MyApp/
$ vi myapp.js
</pre>

<p>and add following content in javascript file.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">var http = require('http');

http.createServer(function (req, res) {
    res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
    res.end('Hello Worldn');
}).listen(3000, "127.0.0.1");
console.log('Server running at http://127.0.0.1:3000/');

</pre>

<p>Now use the following command to start nodejs in background</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ node myapp.js &amp;
</pre>

<p>and access this in browser. You will see result like below screenshot.</p>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744772815532-nginx-with-nodejs-1.png" alt="" width="621" height="268"></p>
<h3>4. Configure NGINX</h3>

<p>After starting a demo server with node.js. Now start configuration with Nginx. Create a virtual host configuration file for your domain under<strong>&nbsp;/etc/nginx/conf.d/</strong>&nbsp;directory.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/example.com.conf
</pre>

<p>and add the following content.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">upstream myapp {
    server 127.0.0.1:3000;
    keepalive 8;
}

# the nginx server instance
server {
    listen 0.0.0.0:80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.log;

    location / {
      proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
      proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
      proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
      proxy_set_header X-NginX-Proxy true;

      proxy_pass http://myapp/;
      proxy_redirect off;
    }
 }

</pre>

<p>After making all configuration, let&rsquo;s restart Nginx web server using following command.</p>

<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart
</pre>

<h2>5. Verify Setup</h2>

<p>Now access your server using domain name, you will see the same page shows on&nbsp;<strong><a href="http://127.0.0.1:3000/">http://127.0.0.1:3000/</a></strong></p>
<p><strong><img src="../../../../uploads/1744772851450-nginx-with-nodejs-2.png" alt="" width="621" height="268"></strong></p>

NGINX is a powerful and widely used for web server. It also used as frontend proxy server for multiple web application servers runs behind this. ...

How to Setup Nginx as Frontend Server for Node.js - TCMHACK

How to Setup Nginx as Frontend Server for Node.js

<p><a href="https://github.com/creationix/nvm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NVM</a>&nbsp;is known as Node Version Manager, Similarily to RVM (Ruby Version Manager) for Ruby language. NVM provides an option for easy installation of Node.js. You can also install specific Node.js version or multiple Node.js versions on the same system using nvm and use the required version for application. This tutorial will help you to&nbsp;<strong>Install and Manage Node.js using NVM</strong>.</p>



<p>The default NVM installs under current users home directory, So nvm installation with one user will not be accessible to another user. Windows users can visit our other tutorial to install Nodejs on Windows system.</p>



<h2>Step 1 – Install NVM</h2>



<p>First of all, You need to install NVM on your system. A bash script is available to install nvm on your system. Use the following command to install NVM on your Linux system.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/creationix/nvm/master/install.sh | bash
</pre>



<p>Reload system environment using this command. It will set the required environment variables to use nvm on the system.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">source ~/.profile     ## Debian based systems 
source ~/.bashrc      ## CentOS/RHEL systems 
</pre>



<h2>Step 2 – Find Available Node.js Version</h2>



<p>At this point, you have installed nvm on your system for the current user. Now find out the available version of Node.js to install. Use&nbsp;<code>ls-remote</code>&nbsp;option to list versions.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">nvm ls-remote
</pre>



<p>You will see a long list of available versions.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">  ...
  ...
       v10.12.0
       v10.13.0   (LTS: Dubnium)
       v10.14.0   (LTS: Dubnium)
       v10.14.1   (LTS: Dubnium)
       v10.14.2   (LTS: Dubnium)
       v10.15.0   (Latest LTS: Dubnium)
        v11.0.0
        v11.1.0
        v11.2.0
        v11.3.0
        v11.4.0
        v11.5.0
        v11.6.0
        v11.7.0
        v11.8.0
</pre>



<h2>Step 3 – Node.js Installation with NVM</h2>



<p>Now install the node.js version you need to use for running node.js application. Below command will install node.js&nbsp;<strong>v8.10.0</strong>&nbsp;the LTS release on your system.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">nvm install v10.15.0
</pre>



<p>You can have also installed the latest version of Node.js.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">nvm install v11.8.0
</pre>



<p>Repeat the above command with the different-2 node.js versions to install multiple versions of node.js on your system.</p>



<h2>Step 4 – Set Node.js Default Version</h2>



<p>As you have installed multiple node.js versions, You can select the specific version of node.js as default version used by system and load in the environment. Use below command to list currently installed version and default set version.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"><strong>nvm list</strong>

       v10.15.0
        v11.8.0
-&gt;       system
node -&gt; stable (-&gt; v11.8.0) (default)
stable -&gt; 11.8 (-&gt; v11.8.0) (default)
iojs -&gt; N/A (default)
unstable -&gt; N/A (default)
lts/* -&gt; lts/dubnium (-&gt; v10.15.0)
lts/argon -&gt; v4.9.1 (-&gt; N/A)
lts/boron -&gt; v6.16.0 (-&gt; N/A)
lts/carbon -&gt; v8.15.0 (-&gt; N/A)
lts/dubnium -&gt; v10.15.0
</pre>



<p>You can see that Node.js version 11.8.0 is set as the default version. You can change the default Node.js version. Below command will set 10.15.0 as default Node.js version.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">nvm use v10.15.0
</pre>



<p>Now verify current active version of node.js</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">node --version

v10.15.0
</pre>



<h2>Step 5 – Run Applition with Specific Version</h2>



<p>If you have multiple node.js applications on your system and want to run each with a specific version of node.js. NVM provides you an option to use node.js version for running any application. For example</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">nvm run v10.15.0 app.js
</pre>



<h2>Step 6 – Remove Unused Node.js Version</h2>



<p>This command will provide a list of installed versions of node.js on your system.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">nvm list
</pre>



<p>Now remove any version installed on your system using the following command. Below command will remove Node.js version 10.15.0 from your system.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">nvm remove v10.15.0</pre>

NVM&nbsp;is known as Node Version Manager, Similarily to RVM (Ruby Version Manager) for Ruby language. NVM provides an option for easy installati...

How to Install and Manage Node.js via NVM - TCMHACK

How to Install and Manage Node.js via NVM

<p>If you have just installed <strong>phpmyadmin</strong> and unable to login with <strong>root</strong> user. Then you're at right place so let's start now.</p>

<p><strong><em>The main issue behind it because of MySql 5.7 by default allow to connect with socket.</em></strong></p>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost'</code></pre>

<h2>Follow the below steps to fix this issue.</h2>

<h4>Step 1: Run the mySQL with root access in linux/ubuntu terminal.</h4>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sudo mysql</code></pre>

<h4>Step 2: Get all the available users:</h4>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>SELECT user,authentication_string,plugin,host FROM mysql.user;</code></pre>

<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>
<p><strong><img src="../../../../uploads/1744773321846-screenshot-from-2019-05-25-17-25-55.png" alt="" width="796" height="159"></strong></p>

<h4>Step 3: Update the values in the table with command :</h4>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'Current-Root-Password';</code></pre>

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>FLUSH PRIVILEGES;</code></pre>

<h4>Step 4: Run the select command again and you'll see it has changed:</h4>
<p><img src="../../../../uploads/1744773366495-screenshot-from-2019-05-25-17-26-27.png" alt="" width="794" height="150"></p>

<p>And that's it. You can run this process after running and completing the&nbsp;<code>sudo mysql_secure_installation</code>&nbsp;command.</p>

If you have just installed phpmyadmin and unable to login with root user.  Then you're at right place so let's start now.

[Fixed]: Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' - TCMHACK

[Fixed]: Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost'

Follow these instructions to generate a certificate signing request (CSR) for your Apache Web server. When you have completed generating your CSR, cut/copy and paste it into the CSR field on the SSL certificate-request page.
<h2>To Generate a Certificate Signing Request for Apache 2.x</h2>
<ol>
 	<li>Log in to your server's terminal (SSH).</li>
 	<li>At the prompt, type the following command:
<pre>openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout&nbsp;<em>yourdomain</em>.key -out&nbsp;<em>yourdomain</em>.csr</pre>
Note: Replace yourdomain with the domain name you're securing. For example, if your domain name is coolexample.com, you would type coolexample.key and coolexample.csr.</li>
 	<li>Enter the requested information:
<ol>
 	<li>Common Name: The fully-qualified domain name, or URL, you're securing.
If you are requesting a Wildcard certificate, add an asterisk (*) to the left of the common name where you want the wildcard, for example *.coolexample.com.</li>
 	<li>Organization: The legally-registered name for your business. If you are enrolling as an individual, enter the certificate requestor's name.</li>
 	<li>Organization Unit: If applicable, enter the DBA (doing business as) name.</li>
 	<li>City or Locality: Name of the city where your organization is registered/located. Do not abbreviate.</li>
 	<li>State or Province: Name of the state or province where your organization is located. Do not abbreviate.</li>
 	<li>Country: The two-letter International Organization for Standardization (ISO) format country code for where your organization is legally registered.Note: If you do not want to enter a password for this SSL, you can leave the Passphrase field blank. However, please understand there might be additional risks.</li>
</ol>
</li>
 	<li>Open the CSR in a text editor and copy all of the text.</li>
 	<li>Paste the full CSR into the SSL enrollment form in your account.</li>
</ol>

Follow these instructions to generate a certificate signing request (CSR) for your Apache Web server. When you have completed generating your CSR...